Monday, April 30, 2012

Wrapping up the Aquadive Bathyscaphe 100

We have now gone well beyond the normal 15 day review period!  And frankly, I wish that this review could go on and on.

I have now worn all three of the current models - the NOS Diver, the Bathyscaphe 300 and now the Bathyscaphe 100.  Thus far, I would have to say that the Bathyscaphe 100 is my favorite in terms of frequent/everyday wear.

It is clearly a good size watch, but it does not overwhelm the wearer's wrist.  at 43 mm wide by 49 mm length you would expect a rather unwieldy, almost "discuss-like" look and feel, but the Bathyscaphe 100 has a very pleasant appearance on the wrist.  I think a lot of this is due to the 60s/70s design influence that you also see in the DOXA SUBs of today.  There is certainly a "high point" at the top of the crystal where the watch's height is at its peak - 15 mm in thickness.

The performance has been first rate.  The greatest deviation I experienced was + 2 seconds.  This was confirmed by getting a "rate reading" from a local watch maker in the area.

The movement is the ETA 2836 - 2 without the day function found in other versions of this movement.
The hour, minute, second and date functions work flawlessly.

Like its "big brother", the Bathyscaphe 100 also has an HRV (Helium Release Valve) subtly located between the lugs at the 6 o'clock position.  This is perhaps one of my favorite features.  I am not a diver, and swim only on special occasions, but the "cult of the dive watch" is made up of plenty of people living in "dry environments".  Whether a professional "Saturation Diver" working under the waves, or a "Desk Diver" preparing status reports and crunching numbers, the Bathyscaphe 100 is a nice option for either occupation.

The level of finish work is beyond reproach.  The bezel is solid and tactile, but smooth in function.  The clicks are solid - and quite reassuring, and the bezel's height and mass ensure easy operation.

Courtesy of Aquadive
And because I feel that a better photograph is in order, with Aquadive's permission, here is a professional shot of the Bathyscaphe 100 - with the optional mesh bracelet.  This bracelet is available for an additional $99.00 US (according to the Aquadive website).  The Aquadive that I tested came with the standard ISOfrane strap with an Aquadive buckle. They also kindly included both a blue and an orange strap, so I have been mixing and matching a bit.  I have to say that the ISOfrane straps are really about the best "rubber" strap I have worn.  Better than Panerai's, and light years away from several others.  And the hint of vanilla scent is a great touch!  The thickness of the strap lends itself to the very "tactile" nature of the Bathyscaphe 100 - and in fact to all Aquadives for that matter.

And speaking of tactile, the applied indices are a particularly nice touch.  They remind me of the DOXA SUB 5000T and they really enhance the look and feel of the dial - and greatly enhance the effect of the lume on the watch face.  This is consistent with the Bathyscaphe 300.

I think with a lot of watches out there, it is sometimes hard to understand (apart from inflation) why the cost what they do.  In some instances you can point to a manufacture movement, COSC certified movement, precious metal, etc.  In others it is down to the brand name. But in the case of Aquadive, it is actually pretty easy to see where the money "is".  Moreover, when compared to other comparable watches, it is difficult to understand why it might not cost more.

Every Aquadive case is CNC'd in Germany.  These are not "stock" cases bought from a case maker.  The finish and attention to detail is extremely good.  The finish and quality of the case is better than several SWATCH and LVMH cases I have seen lately - sorry but it's true.

In summing up this particular Aquadive, I would have to say that although it is currently only available online (i.e. direct sales), I suspect that it will not be long before retail stores will want to carry it.  There is something about the Aquadive that is hard to convey in 2 dimensional images.  It has more to do with not just the feel of the watch, but the way that you interact with it - again I'll say it - tactile.  For the money  ($1,990 direct) I have really not seen anything out there in the dive watch offerings to compare to it.  And lastly - it is easy to lump Aquadive into a "reissue"/ "reedition" classification, but would really be selling it short.  This is a modern dive watch that dollar for dollar really exceeds everything else out there right now, and is comparable to watches costing twice as much.

For those of you who like all the specs - here they are courtesy of Aquadive:



TECH SPECS
Functions 
Hours, minutes, seconds, date at 3 o'clock
Case
German made and CNC machined Solid Stainless steel case, Stainless steel screw down case back. Limited edition of 500 pieces engraved ***/500. 43 mm diameter excluding crown, 49 mm from lug to lug, 15mm height. Water – resistant to 1000 meters (3300 feet). Integrated automatic Helium Release Valve (HRV) at 6 o'clock.
Movement 
Swiss Made ETA 2836-2 , Hours, minutes, sweep second, Self-winding mechanism with ball bearing rotor, Date, corrector, Stop second device Regulator system ETACHRON and regulator corrector, Novodiac Incabloc shock protection, 28.800 vibrations per hour; 4 Hz.25 Jewel, adjusted in 5 positions with an individual certificate that accompanies each watch.
Bezel
43mm stainless steel uni-directional rotating bezel, 120 clicks, laser-cut ratcheting spring, scratch-free Ceramic insert, engraved with elapsed time markings. 31mm Sapphire crystal
Strap/Bracelet
Aquadive stainless steel bracelet based on a vintage Aquadive design, with automatic ratcheting dive suit extension; or an optional stainless steel Mesh bracelet at $99.00.
Weight
130 grams excluding strap/bracelet
Warranty 
2 year limited warranty







Sunday, April 29, 2012

Manu Propria - Two little "Ryûkin" Goldfish


Manu Propria Urushi Timepiece

Two little "Ryûkin" Goldfish
1.4435NcU staybrite case, polishedm 39.00 mm diameter, historical self-winding movement caliber AS 1701 "Skymaster" execution 41 jewels, red gold plated.The dial "roiro" black urushi with two Ryûkin goldfish in "hiramaki" low relief, „shû“ red urushi and gold dust, the eyes small gray pearls. Hand made unique pieces

Add caption

Learn more about Angular Momentum and read the publication "One Hundred Views"
http://en.calameo.com/read/00135027149dbf4ad259a?sid=8e2ecd1e4285d3d827dad49596d1d0a5

Friday, April 27, 2012

Nivrel's New Deep Ocean GMT


This just in from Nivrel -
Courtesy of Nivrel
After the huge success of the Deep Ocean and the Deep Ocean Black in 2011, the new Deep Ocean GMT slots perfectly into our small dive watch collection. The additional function of a second time zone is realized by using a modified ETA 2836-2 movement.



Courtesy of Nivrel

NIVREL Deep Ocean GMT
Reference: N 146.001




Courtesy of Nivrel

Movement: ETA 2836, modified

Jewels: 25

Escapement: Swiss lever escapement

Oscillation system: 28.800 semi-oscillations per hour

Power Reserve: appr. 40 hours when fully wound

Movement dimensions: Diameter: 25,6 mm, Height: 5,05 mm

Functions: Hours, minutes, sweep second, date, 2nd time zone through
hand indication, 3rd time zone (24-hour bezel)

Operating elements: Crown to wind up the movement and to adjust time, 2nd time
zone, and date

Case: Stainless steel 316L, black aluminum inlay with silver-colored
numerals, screwed crown with protection, water-resistant to
50 bar

Case dimensions: Diameter: 43 mm, Height: 13 mm

Glass and case back: Sapphire Crystal; stainless steel case back

Dial: Black dial with luminous numerals (Superluminova® C3)

Hands: Silver-colored, luminous hands (Superluminova® C3), red
hand for 2nd time zone

Strap: Stainless steel strap with flip-lock deployment buckle and
strap extension; additional silicone strap with NIVREL signature
buckle and case integration

Extras: Strap tool, NIVREL signature travel pouch

Price (incl. 19% VAT): 899,- EUR

Thursday, April 26, 2012

The Aquadive Bathyscaphe 100 - final day

Today is the final day of the 15 (yes, we've gone beyond 15) day review.  It was such a fantastic watch that I convinced the nice folks at Aquadive to let me hang onto it a little longer.

Today, however, is really it!  So tune in tomorrow for the wrap-up!


Wednesday, April 25, 2012

A few minutes with David Cypers


Courtesy of Anonimo
James Henderson - What was your first watch?  Was it a gift?  Is there a story behind it?

David Cypers - My first watch was a citizen chrono watch, it was a
gift for my 7th birthday.



JH - When you were a boy - what did you want to be when you "grew up"?

DC - I could imagine myself as a military officer,
but my parents would not allow me.



JH - What were you doing before you joined Anonimo?

DC - Since the end of my studies (1997) I had been active in the diamond industry in Antwerp (Belgium).  I worked as an independent sales agent for a DeBeers Sightholder company, distributing diamonds and diamond jewelry across Europe.



JH - Where did you go to school - what did you study exactly?

DC - I studied Business Engineering (it is a five year university degree), which culminated in a Masters in Marketing, at Limburg University Centre in Belgium.
 During my studies I participated in a European inter-university exchange program (Erasmus), and hence I did part of my studies at University College Galway, in Ireland.



JH - Being from Belgium - had you ever imagined that you would be running an Italian watch company?

DC - When I was 18 I really knew I wanted to run an international business working with Italian design product.  However, I did not know in what field it would be.



JH - What first brought you to Anonimo?  

DC - In 2007 I was looking for a watch for myself.
I liked Panerai watches a lot at that time (Italian design).  I saw the Anonimo booth, and really liked what I saw, especially the Militare Crono, and Istarted to talk to the people at the booth.

Instead of ordering 1 watch for myself I decided to buy an entire collection, to become the distributor 
of the brand in Benelux.  I was already distributing diamond jewelry, a parallel industry, in that market space.  However, as a man, I have more affinity with watches than jewelry.
So over the years my involvement with the company grew.




Courtesy of Anonimo
JH - Who else out there is making watches that interest you?

DC - Mainly Audemar Piguet.  I also appreciate Gerald Genta: almost all of the designs he made.



JH - What is it that makes Anonimo special?

DC - First and foremost, the indisputable Italian passion for design.
The equilibrium in aesthetics is deeply embedded in the Italian culture.
Even if Italians make a machine, something entirely functional, they make it look nice!

Secondly, the history of watch making (especially diving watches) Anonimo is built upon, for example:
            1936:      The first Panerai watch: today Dino Zei, the ceo of Panerai from 1972-1997, is part of 
                           our team. 
            1939:      Enrico Ambucchi starts a small case factory in Florence: today his workshop since     
                           1959 is our workshop, and his son,  Antonio Ambucchi, is our technical director.

And the third element is the Florentine artisanal way of making objects.
Truly brilliant craftsmanship.



JH - Had you always wanted to have/run your own watch company? 

DC - I always wanted to run my own company.
When I was 18, I was elected president of the High School student Association.  When I was 21 I was elected president of University student Association.  By the age of 17, I really knew I was going to run my own company.

My Passion for watches came later, stemming from working in the luxury industry, I appreciate a nice product to work with (a small design object carefully and passionately handcrafted), the product closest to me is a watch.



JH - You worked fairly closely with Federico Massacesi and Dino Zei? What are they like to work with?

DC - Federico Massacesi is inventive and intelligent, with a passion for design and engineering.

Dino Zei is very, very rigorous, a real colonel-engineer!  But at the same time surprisingly warmhearted, maybe his aging has increased this quality.



JH - What are some of the biggest challenges you are facing right now?

DC -
Growth in Asian markets.
Quality of product still has to improve.
Challenging marketing expenditures needed.



JH - What is the strongest market for Anonimo right now?

DC - It is Asia.



JH - I know that it might be hard to choose, but what is your favorite Anonimo of all time?
  
DC - In all honesty, it would be my "first love": The Militare Crono.

 

JH - What do you see as the next big market for Anonimo and Firenze Orologi?




DC - China.  All Swiss firms are doing 30-40% of their turnover there.
We are still not present in that market.


JH - What do you like to do in your down time?

DC - I like to read novels, watch movies and see plays at the theatre.  Spend time with relatives.


  

JH - And as you are from Belgium, it must be asked - favorite Belgian cyclist - Merckx or Freddy Maertens?

DC - To be honest I like more today's sports people from our country,
for example Tom Boonen in cycling, or Kim Clijsters in Tennis.



JH - If you weren't doing this, what would you be doing?

DC - My father was an artist, painter and musician.
I hope to be able to follow his footsteps one day, into the fine arts.




JH - What advice do you have for future watch entrepreneurs? 

DC - Before anything else, try to get a very thorough understanding of what luxury is about.




GIRARD-PERREGAUX Partners for KOBE BRYANT Charity Efforts


On Sunday, April 22nd Girard-Perregaux partnered with the Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation, where Kobe and Vanessa hosted an intimate fundraising event at the home of one of the foundation’s board members in Los Angeles to support the organization, which is dedicated to improving the lives of youth and families in need.
Courtesy of Girard-Perregaux
Over 60 guests including Cindy Crawford, Rande Gerber, Jo Champa, Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers and more attended and participated in a live auction with Andrea Fiuczynski from Christie’s. All proceeds will benefit the foundation. All six board members attended, including Kobe and Vanessa Bryant, Karyn Silver, Carol Cheng-Meyer, Aileen Getty and Patrick Soon-Shiong. 

Included in the auction was a custom Girard-Perregaux WW.TC Shadow timepiece, identical to the one worn by Bryant that evening. His timepiece is engraved with his initials and jersey number.

Tuesday, April 24, 2012

Ben Challenger joins the GRAHAM community

Courtesy of Graham

Ben Challenger is a new friend of GRAHAM. High jump Olympic athlete with a career spanning
over 20 years.

Born in 1978 in Loughborough, England, Ben has competed at international High Jump events
from the tender age of 15, with gold at the U23 European Championships and bronze and silver at the Commonwealth games.

Son of Romeo Challenger, the drummer of Showaddywaddy, Ben has always led an eclectic
lifestyle, being a great fan of motor racing - being an avid super bike rider himself. With his
funky afro and beautiful Japanese tattoos, Ben has always been a lively and charismatic
character, and is proud to be involved with the GRAHAM brand.

Ben is currently in training for the 2012 London Olympics, where he will be wearing his
GRAHAM watch when he goes for GOLD.

'Meeting and working with the GRAHAM team feels like being invited into a big family, excellent
team spirit, extremely high quality watches and common interests - I look forward to the years
to come.'


Dmitry Medvedev and his SLYDE watch by HD3

Courtesy of HD3
Mr. Medvedev and his SLYDE by HD3.

Maurice Lacroix's FRENCH JOB


THE FRENCH JOB: Bloggers wanted for job of their lifetime
703 feet freediving world record attempt on the Côte d’Azur

Zurich, April 2012 - Under the title of “The French Job”, Maurice Lacroix is looking for a team to follow diver Sébastien Murat’s freediving world record attempt of more than 703 feet beneath the sealevel over two weeks in June. The team will comprise four bloggers, who will cover the activities on the ground in English, German, Russian and Chinese, a video-blogger, a Wordpress expert, a personal assistant and a pool boy, and their job will be to report on Séb’s mission internationally. In addition to the thrill of Séb “The Sub” ’s world record attempt, the team will enjoy French savoir-vivre in a luxury villa in Juan-Les-Pins on the French Côte d’Azur. Men and women of at least 20 years of age, holding a valid passport and suitably qualified for the position sought may apply to become team members online via Facebook. Applicants who receive the most votes from their fans will have the best chance to be one of the lucky participants. Further information and applications on www.facebook.com/mauricelacroixwatches and www.the-french-job.com

703 Feet Beneath the Waves – A Modern Tale of Adventure.
For Sébastien Murat, one of the best free divers in the world, from Neuchâtel in Switzerland, limits have never been an issue. He has dramatically changed free deep-sea diving, adopting the empty-lungs technique that marine mammals use for diving. In June 2012, Séb has his sights on a world record diving depth of 703 feet; deeper than anyone has gone before and requiring more than eight minutes without oxygen. In order to achieve this unbelievable target, he studied the diving procedures developed by wales, dolphins and seals. His discovery: all these marine mammals dive to great depths with their lungs empty and in so doing avoid the danger of dangerously distending their lungs with diminishing pressure. With years of training, Séb applied this technique and in this way adapted perfectly to the conditions deep under the sea. Séb is studying physiology at the University of Adelaide, in Australia and at the same time, as a professional SCUBA diving instructor, passes on his knowledge to interested students.

Monday, April 23, 2012

Linde Werdelin 3 Timer with Gold Accents

Courtesy of Linde Werdelin

3 Timer with Gold Accents

3 Timer is an elegant piece that shows three different time zones with a bi-directional 24-hour bezel and the additional GMT hand on a mesmerising sun ray guilloché textured dial.
3 Timer is available in Steel Green, Steel Black, and Steel Silver, and The White Watch.
Two special editions have been introduced: 3 Timer with Gold Accents* added to the crown and dial available in 48 pieces and 3 TimerMicrobillé* in a matte case finish in 25 pieces.
The White Watch features softer and more delicate design details, white screws and bezel markings, complete with a slimmer white pointed calf strap. It is an ideal timepiece for slender wrists, and to complement the owners' stylish wardrobes. Only 51 pieces are available worldwide.



What watch would Lawrence of Arabia wear - an alternate view

This is another new offering from Hanhart that I got to try on at BaselWorld -

Courtesy of Hanhart
This is the Primus Desert Pilot - and it is REALLYYYYYYYY cool!



Here are the specs - straight from Hanhart:



Movement:
HAN3809 modified automatic chronograph movement (bicompax), based on the Valjoux 7750 calibre; 28,800 vibrations per hour, 4 Hz; 28 jewels; rotor with a skeletonised Hanhart logo; power reserve of min. 42 hours
Functions:
Small seconds at 9 o’clock, 30-minute counter at 3 o’clock, date display at 6 o’clock
Case:
Stainless steel; anodised aluminium red button; fluted bezel with inlaid red marking; convex, internally anti-reflective sapphire glass; screwed-down, internally anti-reflective sapphire glass case back; screw-in crown; flexible lugs; diameter 44 mm, height 15 mm; water-resistance to 10 bar/100 m
Dial:
Sand; with Super-LumiNova®-coated, luminous Arabic numerals, index marks and hands
Strap:
Textile; folding clasp with inlaid red marking (anodised aluminium) made from stainless steel
Reference number:
740.250-372

You know I'm a sucker for all things Hanhart and this one was no exception!


Sunday, April 22, 2012

One hundred Views The World of Angular Momentum & Manu Propria

This just in from Angular Momentum

The World of Angular Momentum & Manu Propria
- overviews, insights and impressions on Artisan Watchmaking -
Courtesy of Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum was founded in 1998. Several years ago - because of difficult changes in the watch industry. I restructured Angular Momentum with the vision to create and manufacture beautiful handmade timepieces, made under inclusion of old technologies and traditional craft with the premise that no single part is made by CNC machines, not depending to suppliers and all working steps from case making to the artwork done with my own hands (Manu Propria). 
Courtesy of Angular Momentum

Over the years I have created for my work an inspiring environment, my atelier.
The book "One Hundred Views" contains 100 views and images of the Atelier where my watches are created and manufactured. A short text gives you an insigt on my personal philosophy and point of view of watchmaking.



http://www.angularmomentum.com/angularmomentum-webseite2/uploadfiles/3335e8a/f358f2f5-3f96-47da-b62b-369fd2742e15.pdf



Friday, April 20, 2012

Heirlooms - My Great-Grandfather's Watch

As I posted a few weeks back, my auntie sent me something very special. This is my Great-Grandfather's watch. He was a minister in Whitman, MA. This was presented to him in June of 1951 to commemorate 25 years as the pastor of the First Congregational Church.

A gold filled Hamilton, hand winding.   And "size-wise" very much of it's era - I am now on the lookout for a 14 mm lug width strap!
Things were different then.  You got a watch (most likely) when you finished school, and then you got your "retirement" or "service" watch.  As I learned in my tour of Girard-Perregaux, there are still some companies that believe in these traditions.  Thank goodness!  Some things really shouldn't change.
In a world of second marriages, evil step-mothers - yes Martha in Jackson, TN - that means you - it's nice to have an aunt like mine - that keeps things together, that values the past, that you can always count on. So if you haven't done so lately, give your aunt a call!

Thursday, April 19, 2012

Something new - VANGARDE

For those of you looking for something a little bit different, VANGARDE has you covered!  Available only by direct order, you will not find the VANGARDE at any retail location.
Courtesy of Vangarde
This is the VANGARDE Calibre V1.  The result of over two years of design and planning, there will be only eighty-eight of these pieces made available.  A video of the VANGARDE is here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcWp6ZdFukg
Courtesy of Vangarde
The heart beat of VANGARDE's new chronograph is the Calibre V1 - an integrated chronometer grade chronograph, based on the Valjoux 7750.
Courtesy of Vangarde

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

CALIBRE V1
Integrated automatic chronograph, chronometer grade. based on mechanical ébauches ETA Valjoux 7750.
Glucydur balance wheel.
Anachron balance spring.
Nivaflex NM mainspring.
Incabloc shock absorber.
29 jewels movement.
48 hour power reserve.
Adjusted in five-positions.


Finish
Coloured by black ruthenium plating.
Specific tri-compax plate, skeleton design with hand-finished Geneva stripes.
Specific tri-compax bridge skeleton design with hand-finished straight graining.
Automatic-winding bridge, skeleton design with hand-finished circular graining.
Rhodium-plated escape wheel with hand-finished straight graining.
Rhodium-plated steel mechanical parts, with hand-finished straight graining.
Barrel bridge, skeleton design with hand-finished circular graining.
Rotor, skeleton design with hand-finished Geneva stripes and printed balance.
Skeletonised rhodium-plated gear wheels.
Polished srews.



Case
Machined from solid stainless steel 316 L.
Monobloc caseband (machined movement housing) with brushed and satin finish.
Screw-down back-plate and bezel with polished finish
Screw-down crown with 'Clous de Paris' finish.
Buttons with 'Clous de Paris' finish.
Sapphire bezel with double sided anti-reflective coating (front and back).
Case dimensions: diameter 42 mm, width 13.9 mm.



Movement : See CALIBRE V1


Dial
Laser cut, galvanised, black finished with white print.



Hands
Skeletonised with Superluminova C1 insert (hour and minute hands).



Strap
Hand-made from Louisiana alligator-skin, hand-stitched, black calf leather lining.



Clasp
316 L stainless steel, double push-button butterfly clasp with polished, satin, 'Clous de Paris' finish.



Price : 4850 euros



www.vangarde.fr

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Girard-Perregaux Unveils The New Face of Tradition

And just when I thought it couldn't get any better, Girard-Perregaux comes out with another publication to  go beyond simply talking about watches, and delves down deeper into the people who actually make the watches themselves!

Here's the news, straight from GP -


Girard-Perregaux, iconic luxury Swiss watch brand, is proud to announce the unveiling of an industry first, the print and online journal: The New Face of Tradition, Eight Young Watchmakers and the Art of Making Time. Not assuming brilliance and lightning strike in one place, Girard-Perregaux observed these young watchmakers not only in their own Atelier, but also in their time with friends, family and alone. What are their other passions beyond making time? What makes them tick?

Courtesy of Girard-Perregaux
The New Face of Tradition will be a first in the luxury watchmaking industry, highlighting not only the work of the incredibly talented watchmakers in their famed Manufacture based in La Chaux-de-Fonds, but also the diversity of passions these artisans possess. From rock & roll stars to puzzle masters and international alpine horn champions, the young watchmakers are as multi-faceted as the Girard-Perregaux luxury timepieces they create. They are following in the proud tradition of the iconic craftspeople that have kept Girard-Perregaux at the forefront of watchmaking for 221 years: Jean-Fronçois Bautte, Constant Girard-Perregaux, Luigi “Gino” Macaluso, and now Dominique Loiseau.


In addition to the printed version, the journal will be hosted at www.TheNewFaceofTradition.com, an online site where people may further explore the interests, passions and “extra-curricular activities” of each young watchmaker.

Courtesy of Girard-Perregaux

The journal will be launched on tour with a special event at Cipriani Dolci in New York City, where guests will have the opportunity to participate in an in-depth one-on-one workshop with the watchmakers. The workshops will demonstrate the intricacies of the movements and include hands-on lessons on how they are built. In addition, Girard-Perregaux will feature the latest 2012 novelties and Museum pieces from its historical archives. 

“Too often brands hide their talented watchmakers behind the curtains of their manufactures”, says Michele Sofisti, CEO of Sowind Group (Girard-Perregaux and JeanRichard). “We are proud of the young artists we share our passion for watchmaking with and are excited to show to the world who they are. The New Face of Tradition seeks to break away from the current image many people have of the craft. It is not an antique (and certainly not a dead) art; it is young, revitalized and constantly evolving, much like the people behind it”.

New York City is only the first stop of The Girard-Perregaux Young Watchmakers Tour. Later this year the international tour will move on to Beijing, Paris and several other international cities.